Abstract
This paper describes the recent development of models in computer software JMatPro for the calculation of phase transformations and material properties critical to the prediction of distortion during heat treatment of steels. The success of these models is based on accurate description of all the major phase transformations taking place including the formation of ferrite, pearlite, bainite and martensite, as well as calculation of the properties of different phases formed during the heat treatment process. One advantage of the current models is that they can be applied to many types of steels including medium to high alloy types. A wide range of properties such as density, thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, strength and hardness can be calculated, all as a function of time, temperature, and cooling rate, even for arbitrary cooling profile. The material data calculated from JMatPro have been exported directly to FE/FD-based packages for forging/deformation simulation.
1 Introduction
Unwanted distortion generated during heat treatment is a major industrial problem because it critically affects the dimensional accuracy of precision components. If distortion can be predicted and controlled, then corrections can be made during the earlier machining stage so that the components reach their final desired shape and dimension after heat treatment.
Prediction of distortion induced by heat treatment has generally been based on prior experience or by a trial and error approach. In recent years, with the significant improvement of computing power, finite-element/finite-difference (FE/FD) simulation tools have been developed to tackle this problem. While being successful in some cases, almost all of the FE/FD packages suffer from one common problem: the lack of accurate material property data. This is because the prediction of distortion requires detailed knowledge of the material properties of each phase formed during heat treatment, all of which are a function of alloy composition, heat treatment procedures (microstructure) and temperature.
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